Gender representation in contemporary superhero films

Sexual orientation portrayal in contemporary hero films Examination PROPOSAL Sexual orientation portrayal in contemporary hero films Examination Question How sexual orientation portrayal is depicted in the contemporary Marvel hero films? Diagram of the Study This venture will assess how sexual orientation portrayal depicted in 21st century Marvel hero films. This examination will focus on utilizing Marvel’s The Avenger (dir. Josh Whedon, 2012) which is the gathering of all contemporary Marvels’ hero made after Ironman since 2008. Thompson (1999) and Bordwell (2006) both contended that Hollywood movies frequently underscore on character attributes. Contemporary Hollywood filmmaking will in general draw on certain sexual orientation authentic example of superhuman is above all else a man. Thusly printed investigation will be utilized to examine how manliness and womanliness esteems are built among the fundamental characters in the film. Point Objectives The point of this examination is to assess how sexual orientation portrayal depicted in 21st century Marvel superhuman movies. The target of this examination is to dissect how manliness and womanliness esteems are developed among the primary characters in 21st century Marvel superhuman movies. Writing Review In the previous seven years, dominant part number of blockbuster hero activity experience movies, for example, Batman, X-Men, Fantastic Four, Spiderman, Hellboy 1 and 2, Hulk, Ironman, and a large group of other â€Å"men† have flown, stepped, fallen, and swung across screens in these Hollywood blockbusters (Stabile, 2009). Actually, Gray Kaklamanidou (2011) portrays superhuman as somebody generally has a blend of mental and physical quality more than customary individual that battle against insidious who will prevails despite seemingly insurmountable opposition. These hero characters are essentially adjusted from comic books. The characters in the film are introduced in cliché way, for example, either present male saints and female maidens, for example, Superman Returns (2006), the Spider-Man films (2002, 2004, 2007) or, in all likelihood take into consideration a couple of female superheroes as a feature of a male-run-wrongdoing battling aggregate, as in X-Men Films (2000, 2003, 2006), and the Fantastic Four establishment (2005, 2007). Gallagher (2006) portrayed manliness as an item in our way of life; the activity film has generally been a ‘male’ sort, managing accounts of male bravery and ladies as fringe princesses. Anyway these credits and practices will in general move after some time and are continually under exchange in the film. Moreover as Benshoff Griffin (2009) contended that despite the fact that there are slight varieties can be found in innumerable Hollywood movies, the method of visually recounting stories is essentially a similar today as it was during the 1930s. Old style Hollywood style is constantly planned to coddle story data to the observer, in this manner keeping everything plainly comprehended by the crowd. For example, Thompson (1999) and Bordwell (2006) both contended that Hollywood movies regularly stress on character qualities. Contemporary Hollywood filmmaking will in general draw on certain sex illustrative example of hero is as a matter of first importance a man. In addit ion, the superhuman is an American creation, conceived just before World War II (Gray Kaklamanidou, 2011). Subsequently the job of superhuman is constantly connected with ordinary manliness attributes while the characters in hero film are depicted in cliché habits. Curiously, in the course of recent decades, different male-commanded Hollywood types have been adjusted for female leads. Benshoff Griffin (2009) clarified that the sci-fi activity experience film has likewise created some solid female leads, played most quite by Sigourney Weaver in the Alien Films (1979, 1986, 1992, 1997) just as Jovovich’s Alice in the Resident Evil film establishment (2002, 2004, 2007) has become the most monetarily fruitful female activity character of the time. Be that as it may, standard Hollywood diversion despite everything arranges sexual orientation in manners that maintain and keep up man centric benefit (Cohan Hark, 1993). The nostalgic Hollywood blockbuster recipe, with its sturdy male saints, keeps on driving the business. Another perspective on sex portrayal in superhuman film is that, Hollywood filmmaking will in general endeavor attractive male bodies in real life while female activity experience saints with externalized sex advance. As Bensho ff Griffin (2009) contended that albeit an ever increasing number of ladies are entering the Hollywood business, the sexual typification of female bodies will in general encompass on the female lead while men will in general rule the fundamental job in hero film. Approach Given the exploratory idea of this examination is to assess sexual orientation portrayal depicted in 21st century Marvel hero films; it is proposed subjective exploration strategy for printed investigation will be utilized to dissect the content in contemporary Marvel’s superhuman movies. Printed examination in actuality is research strategy for attempting to pick up something about individuals by looking at the substance, structure, and elements of the messages contained in messages (Frey et al., 1999). As it were, literary investigation may use to depict and decipher the attributes, for example, standards of conduct, qualities and perspectives of a recorded or visual message. Marvel’s The Avenger (dir. Josh Whedon, 2012) will be chosen to assess how manliness and womanliness esteems are built among the principle characters. Truth be told, Marvel’s The Avenger is the array of all contemporary Marvels’ superhuman made after Ironman since 2008 (Marvel, 2012). This film essentially comprises of four principle characters of Marvel’s hero that are Iron Man, Captain America, the Hulk and Thor. Moreover, the film likewise includes with other existing S.H.I.E.L.D operator Hawkeye and Blackwidow. In like manner, breaking down the content in the Marvel’s The Avenger gives the specialist the chances to consider a couple of arrangement of contemporary superhuman film at the same time. In reality, printed investigation comprises of the two qualities and shortcomings in breaking down the sexual orientation portrayal in the film. As indicated by Larsen (1991), printed examination can bring out entire scope of conceivable significance in the film content. It is additionally a favored technique for recognizing such idle significance and a useful asset for analysts who try to deliver hypothetically substantial translations of the focused on text. Be that as it may, literary examination required an incredibly close perusing on the particular content (Frey et al., 1999). It is tedious and has high upkeep need which the specialist is requires to set up the guidelines, for example, coding. Truth be told, content investigation as indicated by Weare Lin (2000) can decide the nearness composed and spoken correspondence or ideas inside writings. Be that as it may, it is prominent and a simply illustrative technique which it incapable to uncover basic thought processes in the watched design (what yet not why). Along these lines as the goal of this investigation is to dissect the sex portrayal and characters pretended in the contemporary Marvel’s superhuman movies, the motivation behind utilizing literary examination in this investigation is in this manner ready to give top to bottom comprehension on the content. Marvel’s The Avenger Truth be told, Marvel’s The Avengers is a 2012 American Hollywood film delivered by Marvel studios and dispersed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Indeed, it is including with notable Marvel superheroes Iron Man, the Incredible Hulk, Thor, Captain America, Hawkeye and Black Widow. Marvel’s The Avenger has been positioned as the third most noteworthy earning film in around the world. Anyway it is intriguing that 7 out of 8 driving are male while the main female lead is Scarlett Johansson who assumes the job as Black Widow. Wonder Studios has discharged nine movies since 2008 inside the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Iron Man (2008), The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Marvels The Avengers (2012), Iron Man 3 (2013), Thor: The Dark World (2013) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) (Marvel, 2014). Critical of study Superhuman film is moderately one of the most recent improvement slants in Hollywood film (Gray Kaklamanidou, 2011). Be that as it may, there has been no much scholarly exploration made on hero film. It is accept that the expanding number of these movies requires a top to bottom scholarly examination on the idea of superhuman in this globalized society that is stress on sex fairness. As Ryan Kellner (1990) contended that the portrayal of specific characters can progress in the direction of clarifying the political social scene the current time. It is intriguing to discover how people in these films are spoken to: how various characters are depicted, utilizing normally ladylike and manly attributes. Hence this investigation will add to the future examination and writing identified with sexual orientation in real life and hero film. Timetable of exploration End This venture will assess how sexual orientation portrayal depicted in 21st century Marvel hero films by utilizing Marvel’s The Avenger. Printed examination is on the grounds that it ready to give top to bottom comprehension and investigation on the sexual orientation portrayal and characters pretended in the film. While the quantity of hero is increment, this investigation fills in as a central writing hence capable adds to the future exploration on sexual orientation in real life and superhuman film. Catalog References BENSHOFF, H. M, GRIFFIN, S. (2009) America in video form: Representing race, class, sex and sexuality at the motion pictures, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. BORDWELL, Da. (2006) The way Hollywood tells it: Story and style in present day films. Berkeley: University of California Press. CODELL, J. L. (2007) Genre, sexual orientation, race and world film: A compilation, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. COHAN, S., HARK, I. R. (1993) Screening the male: Exploring masculinities in Ho

Chronic illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Incessant ailment - Essay Example As a continuum, palliative consideration addresses the physical, mental, social and profound needs of the patient and family which can't be taken care of by one single office in case it would cause discontinuity of care. It subsequently follows multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary (integrative) care is the foundation of palliative consideration. With the incorporation of contributions from different trains as per phase of the sickness movement, torment and different manifestations, mental condition of patient and family, social and commonsense necessities and accessible assets, palliative consideration turns into a multifaceted consideration with the inclusion of essential consideration and pro specialists, nursing staff, social laborer and numerous others in an organized way guaranteeing congruity of care (Mitra and Vadivelu, 2013, p. 17). In this way, palliative consideration has been characterized as the patient and family-focused one looking to improve their personal satisfaction by treating their enduring which incorporates expectation and counteraction of the enduring by tending to their â€Å"physical, scholarly, passionate, social, and profound needs† (NCP, 2013, p. 12) all through the continuum of ailment â€Å"ensuring quiet self-rule, access to data and choice† (NCP, 2013, p. ... e, its physical angles, mental and mental perspectives, social viewpoints, profound, strict and existential angles, social perspectives, care toward the finish of life and moral and lawful angles. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010 (PPACA) likewise has required arrangements for both hospice and remedial consideration under Medicaid or Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). It develops in this manner that way of thinking and conveyance of palliative consideration has the accompanying attributes. 1. Arrangement of care through coordination by an interdisciplinary group. 2. Care needs are controlled by coordinated effort and correspondence among the patients, families, palliative and non-palliative consideration suppliers. 3. Simultaneous accessibility of administrations alongside remedial or life-dragging out consideration. 4. Arrangement of help to patient and family all through the time of sickness, kicking the bucket procedure, and after death (NCP, 2013 ) The NCP rules were reconsidered in 2009 and 2013. The multi year working of the NCP has seen 47 % expansion in the quantity of hospice programs and 148 % increment in non-hospice palliative consideration programs. It has been accounted for that in the United States around 1,059,000 passings out of 2,513,000 passings happened under the consideration one of more than 5,000 hospices in the year 2011. That is, 46 % of passings have been under the consideration of the hospices. It is additionally guaranteed that hospices help lessen Medicare program uses. One examination uncovers that cost for the terminal year of life was diminished by a normal $ 2309 for each patient under the consideration of hospice. (NCP, 2013). Integrative consideration Authors conversely utilize the terms â€Å"interdisciplinary† and â€Å"multidisciplinary† however they don't mean the equivalent however they speak to commitments from assortment of controls for singular patient consideration.

Australian Legislation on Skilled Immigrants That Prevents Them from R Case Study - 1

Australian Legislation on Skilled Immigrants That Prevents Them from R Case Study - 1 Australian Legislation on Skilled Immigrants That Prevents Them from Receiving Decent Pay â€" Case Study Example > The paper “ Australian Legislation on Skilled Immigrants That Prevents Them from Receiving Decent Pay”   is an exciting version of a   case study on the law. Australian Immigrant couple of Iraq origin, Kazim and his wife Sahar, 42 and 38 years who are qualified doctors, and their 15 years daughter, Salima migrated to Australia through Indonesia on a boat believing Australia was safe to reside. This followed the Middle East’ s crises hence could not work in Iraq. On their arrival at Christmas Island, they were detained for four months and applied for Australian’ s asylum and later got permanent residence settling in Melbourne. The doctors aimed at further studies as they believed in non-accreditation. The disappointment came as they failed English test despite their endowment in English and further frustrated to attend English lectures concurrently preparing for the medical-board examination. Kazim works as a physiology tutor and Sahar anatomist in a local University on a part-time basis which pays little far from meeting financial needs subject to higher living costs and cannot obtain loans due to lack of collaterals. Salima’ s behavior is unbecoming following six months of bright-academic performance and challenges her parents including negative attitude towards church. This worsens as her teacher reveals to her parents on her poor performance based on a negative attitude. In this perspective, the paper focuses on the stringent laws in Australian on skilled immigrants that make those qualified workers from the native countries not to find highly paid jobs. The paper will thus seek to relate the impacts of these laws to the current case study involving this couple and to show how such unconventional practices hurt the economy as well as the individual standard of living. The couple first was misled on a hear-say that life in Australia was promising as they went to this place without the knowledge of how the cost of living was which later revealed to be so expensive (Cobb-Clark, 2007, p. 111). On the other hand, their daughter who had shown a brighter academic performance that later changed attitude could be attached to the difficulty she was facing due to the inadequacy of finances to meet their needs. We can thus not solely blame their daughter as she had proved beyond any reasonable doubt, that she could perform well as indicated by her promising academic performance for the first six months (Rees, Lindsay Rice, 2008, p. 178). The decision by the parents to seek alternatives at the local University can still be attached to discrimination on the part of the employer role in Australia who always would show discrimination amongst the immigrants despite the immigrants’ role in the labor market. Effects of a country’ s (Iraq) instability to its citizensIn this regard, the paper seeks to attach all the tribulations faced by these immigrants to the crises that erupted in the Middle East that make them uncomfortable to work in their native country for fear of loss of lives and devastating labor market. Qualified doctors should enjoy the fruits for having toiled through schooling but this is short-lived as the country is a war-prone area with massive terrorist activities being felt. To this end, we are exposed to the benefits of a stable and peaceful country as this will minimize migrations amongst its citizen which will eliminate possible psychological and physical torture as faced by this particular family; they are detained for four months and a further lower standard of living resulting from their native land’ s crises.

The Understanding Of An Individual Culture Background

We know that culture intelligence is related to cross-culture competence. The understanding of an individual culture background. My key objective is that people fail to adjust to understand new cultures, behavioral, cognitive, and motivational aspect of other cultures. Before anyone goes to a foreign country for a new job, living or visiting, we should educate ourselves before taking that journey. We know going to another country can be scary, but we can learn new things from them and they can learn new things from our country and culture. You have to know how to motivate a multicultural group with different languages, and who have different culture context. Know their sensitivity and habits. We all have different thinking patterns. All†¦show more content†¦Feelings are related to beliefs, to our notion of what is the right way to behave. We should take notice of our ability to cope with one’s own and other people’s emotional reactions when awkwardness and cultural misunderstandings occur. The cognitive component is the rational component. It is based on reason and the capacity to develop mental structures which enable us to understand each other’s mindset, or to think about what is going on and to make judgments based on conceptual frameworks and language. There is understanding of oneself as a cultural being as well as understanding people with a different cultural background (Ackerman’s (1996) This component is about what happens during an encounter, sometimes we decide to based us on judgments about the situation coming from the emotional and rational data we have collected from other people. We should show different actions and communication during the cultural encounter, what participant would actually do this in encounter we need to communicate more like, interpersonal communication, for example, listening, questioning, summarizing, agreeing or disagreeing etc. as well as skills which we have learned to manage relationships in general involving body language, etiquette, rituals, rules and techniques. The developmental continuum of cultural sensitivity The Intercultural Development Continuum is a set of knowledge/attitude/skill sets or orientations toward

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Negotiation Jujitsu Free Essays

What if They Won’t Play (Use Negotiation Jujitsu) Getting to YesNegotiating Agreement Without Giving In By Roger Fisher and William Ury Vikas Singh Ed Hill What if They Won’t Play †¢ Theymaystatetheirpositioninunequivocal terms †¢ Concernedonlywithmaximizingtheirowngains †¢ Theymayattackyouinplaceofattackingthe problems Three Basic Strategies †¢ What you can do †¢ What they can do – Negotiation Jujitsu †¢ What a third party can do – One Text Mediation Procedure Negotiation Jujitsu Three Basic Maneuvers Asserting their position forcefully †¢ Attacking your ideas †¢ Attacking you Don’t attack their position, look behind it †¢ Neither reject nor accept the position †¢ Treat it as one possible option †¢ Look for interest and principles behind it †¢ Think of ways to improve it Don’t defend your ideas, invite criticism and advice †¢ Invite criticism, instead of resisting it †¢ As k them what is wrong with a particular idea or an option †¢ Use their criticism and advice to find out their underlying interests and principles †¢ Rework your ideas in light of what you learn Recast an attack on you as an attack on the problem †¢ Resist the temptation to defend yourself or attack them †¢ Listen to them †¢ Understand what they are saying †¢ Recast their attack on you as an attack on the problem Ask questions and pause †¢ Use questions instead of statements †¢ Silence One-text procedure Call in a third party to: †¢ Separate the people from the problem †¢ Direct the discussion to interests and options †¢ Suggest impartial basis for resolving differences †¢ Separate invention from decision making How does a third party do this Asksabouttheinterestsratherthanpositions †¢ Learnallabouttheirneedsandinterests †¢ Suggest a provisional solution/recommendation †¢ Askthemtocritiqueitorsuggestimprovements †¢ Improvisetherecommendationinlightofinputs †¢ Presentthefinalsolution Getting them to play: The case of Jones Realty and Frank Turnbull †¢$600 rent per month †¢Apartment under rent control †¢Max rent at $466 per month †¢Mrs. Jones reimburses after several long principled negotiation sessions Stock Phrases †¢ â€Å"Please correct me if I’m wrong. † †¢ â€Å"We appreciate what you’ve done for us. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Jujitsu or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ â€Å"Our concern is fairness† †¢ â€Å"We would like to settle this on the basis of Independent standards, not of who can do what to whom† †¢ â€Å"Trust is a separate issue† Stock Phrases (cont. ) †¢ â€Å"CouldIaskyouafewquestionstoseewhether my facts are right? † †¢ â€Å"What’stheprinciplebehindyouraction? † †¢ â€Å"LetmeseeifIunderstandwhatyou’resaying† †¢ â€Å"Letmegetbacktoyou† †¢ â€Å"Let me show you where I have trouble following some of your reasoning Stock Phrases (cont. ) †¢ â€Å"One fair solution might be. † †¢ â€Å"If we agree.. If we disagree. † â€Å"We’d be happy to see if we can leave when it’s most convenient for you† †¢ â€Å"It’s been a pleasure dealing with you† â€Å"Please correct me If I’m wrong† †¢ Establish dialogue based on reason †¢ Invitation to participat e †¢ Good probability you won’t â€Å"lose face† †¢ Opening to correction and persuasion sets the tone â€Å"We appreciate what you’ve done for us† †¢ Through support, separate people from problem †¢ Defuses self-image threat †¢ Other side now has something to lose: – Praise and support â€Å"Our concern is fairness† †¢ Take basic stand on principle †¢ Remain open Both ends and means to accomplish ends are principled â€Å"We would like to settle this on the basis of independent standards, no of who can do what to whom† †¢ Don’t lose temper- and thus, control †¢ Bring negotiation back to merits †¢ Good example of negotiation jujitsu †¢ Reinforces principled negotiation â€Å"Trust is a separate Issue† †¢ Slip out of corner †¢ Remain firm on the principle â€Å"Could I ask you a few questions to see whether my facts are right? † †¢ Statements of fact can be threatening, questions are better †¢ Phrasing info as questions allows open participation Lays foundation for agreed upon facts â€Å"What’s the principle behind your action? † †¢ A principled negotiator neither accepts nor rejects other side’s opinion †¢ Leads other side to search for reasons †¢ Negotiation continues on principle â€Å"Let me see If I understand what you’re saying† †¢ Principled negotiation requires good communication †¢ Other side more likely to listen and be more receptive â€Å"Let me get back to you† †¢ Good negotiator rarely makes important decisions on the spot †¢ Timeanddistancehelptoseparatepeoplefrom problem Goodnegotiatorscomestotablewithcredible reason for leaving †¢ Allowsdiscussionwithconstituents(Paul) †¢ Freshcommitmenttoprinciplednegotiation â€Å"Let me show you where I have trouble following some of your reasoning† †¢ Present reasons before offering proposal †¢ Proposal first will often lead to other side not listening to reasons – Considering counterproposals â€Å"One fair solution might be. † †¢ Proposal not as yours, but as fair option †¢ Proposal not as only solution, but one fair solution â€Å"If we agree.. If we disagree. † †¢ Try to make it easy for other side †¢ Trickiest part is to communicate the alternative Use of third party – Creates distance, thus, separation of people from problems †¢ Don’t always reveal BATNA â€Å"We’d be happy to see if we can leave when it’s most convenient for you† †¢ Incorporate other side’s interests †¢ Allows for other side to â€Å"save face† †¢ Other side feels good about agreement â€Å"It’s been a pleasure dealing with you† †¢ End on a good note †¢ Reestablishes principle of separation of people from problem †¢ Relationship maintained Summary †¢ You can get the other side to play principled negotiation, even if they don’t want to at first †¢ Principled negotiation, negotiation jujitsu, or a third party all work How to cite Negotiation Jujitsu, Papers

Why We Should Keep The Electoral College Essay Example For Students

Why We Should Keep The Electoral College Essay The Electoral CollegeTodayWhy is it that in the United States the words politics and politician has associations that are uncharacteristically negative for our countrys leaders? Today, Americas politicians have turned into greedy executives. The mix of politics and business is driving our country away from the principles that our founding fathers set fourth. Why is our forty-third president in office when the majority of Americans voted for a different candidate? An election that gives the people the choice without regard to state lines of a president by a majority would cure some of the current problems of the Electoral College. We have a president that bullied his way into office and now many Americans question the government. Where did the Electoral College go wrong?The popularity vote seems to not play any factor in our presidential election. A major conflict concerning the Electoral College lingers in America. The Constitutional Convention created the Electoral College in 1789 i n hopes that it would be an adequate system (MacBride 29). The Electoral College consists of senators and representatives who cast their votes for the state they represent. Those who feel that the college should remain as it is believe that the American people are too uninformed about election issues to vote. The argument for the modification of the college maintains that the people are not actually electing the president, but the larger states are. Ultimately, the majority of the United States citizens support the elimination of an Electoral College that serves no purpose in the government. The argument in favor of the continuation of the Electoral College holds that it represents an effective institution. First, the format of the college demonstrates its validity. The amount of electoral votes awarded to each state, extremely critical in elections, remains decided by the number of senators and representatives in Congress (Polsby 45). Many politicians find the existing system extre mely efficient because they feel the electors represent their constituents (Best 52). In addition, the Electoral Colleges ability to efficiently serve its purpose provides a reason for its long existence. An electoral system should produce a definite, accepted winner and avoid prolonged contests and disputes that create uncertainty and public turmoil (Best 210). Moreover, never in the history of the Electoral College has a controversy developed in which the college rejected an individual who had an undisputed majority of the popular vote (Best 52). Most importantly, those who agree with preserving the Electoral College believe that election by popular vote, the alternative to the college, would create numerous deficiencies in the system. Election by direct popular vote would be hazardous to the nations health, said a concerned citizen (Weisberger 24). Liable to deceptions of the truth and too uniformed of the candidates, the people, voting directly, pose a threat to the system of el ecting presidents (Weisberger 24). Many people feel that the popular election of presidents would work a diminution of the political power of racial and other minority groups in the nations urban centers (Bickel 13). On the other hand, the position in favor of ridding the nation of the Electoral College argues that the college serves no purpose. First of all, the present format of the Electoral College manifests the colleges insufficient qualities. The current format of the college, giving the edge to the larger states, exhibits the inadequacies of it (Polsby 32). The electoral college system, it is claimed, does not guarantee that the candidate with the most popular votes will win, produces great inequalities in voting power among the national electorate, contains a contingency election provision that is not only unrepresentative but that could also result in an impasse or in political duels, permits the will of the majority voters in a state or even in the nation to be thwarted th rough the constitutional independence of the electors, and permits the electoral decision to turn on fraud or chance in key states (Best 22). A study conducted by John F. Banzhaf, III revealed states like New York and California have over two and one half times as much chance to effect the election of the president as residents of the smaller states (Bickel 6). Furthermore, causing confusion amongst the political system, the Electoral College raised a question mark in Congress. Passed by more than the mandatory two-thirds vote in 1969, the House called for a constitutional amendment to change the election of presidents and vice-presidents is by nation a wide popular vote rather than the Electoral College (Bickel 10). However, the amendment failed to result in a vote on the Senate floor (Bickel 11). Contrary to claims that the college represents the peoples voice, the colleges popularity decreased dramatically nation wide. First of all, the citizens feel that they reserve the right t o directly elect their commander in chief. Election by popular vote is much more accurate of an election than the Electoral College (MacBride 19). Decreasing the amount of problems brought on by the college, elections by popular vote allows the United States citizens to truly and fairly elect the president of their choice (MacBride26). Most importantly, election by popular vote permits the citizens to take part in their government denied to them by the existence of the Electoral College. Numerous changes in the election system and the citizens view of it would take place as a result of the abolishment of the Electoral College. Bickel, in his book Reform and Continuity, claims if each states electoral vote were divided precisely or roughly in proportion to the popular vote cast for each candidate in each state, the representation would become quite real, and might have considerable effect (Bickel 5). In addition feeling good about themselves for taking part in the political system and making a difference, the citizens would gain more respect for the political system (MacBride 25). The Electoral College clearly stands as an insufficient system for electing the president. Election by popular vote, truly giving the people the choice, should be established in the electing of the president instead of the college. Moreover, the governments choosing that the bigger the states, the more electoral votes they receive is a grave mistake. It has been determined that the presidency is either won or lost in the large industrial states, where one or another group can make all of the difference (Bickel 50). Strangely enough, the presidential nominees tend to come from big states and tend to run on platforms likely to appeal to interest groups that cluster there (Polsby 46). The governments deciding to continue to utilize the Electoral College is a drastic mistake. Ultimately, the establishment of popular vote as a means for electing the president offers a new hope for consti tuents in a political system that often leaves them disillusioned. Apparently, the Electoral College is insufficient in every way. The United States has the technology to be one of the most efficient countries. Although if we can not a president thoroughly and correctly, our country we fail in every way possible. Our founding fathers set fourth a nation built on loyalty and freedom not insufficient tallying of votes. .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 , .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 .postImageUrl , .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 , .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61:hover , .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61:visited , .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61:active { border:0!important; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61:active , .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61 .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb6953bd809d6af4fdc6484bbcbd5b61:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mark Twain Racist or Realist Essay Politics Essays

Free Essays on A Critical Examination Of Valls’ Interpretation Of Just War Theory

A Critical Examination of Valls’ Interpretation of Just War Theory In light of recent events and the current â€Å"war on terrorism† it seems critical to move away from political rhetoric and approach the issue with as much reasonable objectivity as possible. The central question that Andrew Valls attempts to answer is weather terrorism can be justified. He argues that it can in some cases when measured against just war theory. Just war theory sets moral limits on the waging of war while justifying its legitimacy. I am in agreement with his conclusion but my defense of his argument relies on acceptance of his definition of terrorism, which seems to me rather broad. Valls defines terrorism as political violence done to persons or property committed by nonstate actors. It must be politically motivated for any other form of violence is considered crime and subject to domestic laws. He adds violence against property to include attacks that would be considered terrorism even though they do not harm people. An example of this would be the bombing of an abortion clinic. When he limits the violence to nonstate actors, he doesn’t deny the existence of state sponsored terrorism. He states that this type of violence is a matter of domestic justice, and in cases outside its borders, just war theory can be applied. With this definition he attempts to avoid two difficulties. He does not prejudge the issue by characterizing terrorism as something intrinsically wrong, which is what Walzer seems to do. How can there be serious discussion about a normative issue if it is already defined as unjustifiable? He also attempts to avoid making his definition stipulative. I would argue that Valls’ definition is too broad with respect to his contention that it is nonessential to include fear or intimidation as a deliberate strategy of terrorism. Of course if this provision were added, it would weaken his argument by disqualifying many case... Free Essays on A Critical Examination Of Valls’ Interpretation Of Just War Theory Free Essays on A Critical Examination Of Valls’ Interpretation Of Just War Theory A Critical Examination of Valls’ Interpretation of Just War Theory In light of recent events and the current â€Å"war on terrorism† it seems critical to move away from political rhetoric and approach the issue with as much reasonable objectivity as possible. The central question that Andrew Valls attempts to answer is weather terrorism can be justified. He argues that it can in some cases when measured against just war theory. Just war theory sets moral limits on the waging of war while justifying its legitimacy. I am in agreement with his conclusion but my defense of his argument relies on acceptance of his definition of terrorism, which seems to me rather broad. Valls defines terrorism as political violence done to persons or property committed by nonstate actors. It must be politically motivated for any other form of violence is considered crime and subject to domestic laws. He adds violence against property to include attacks that would be considered terrorism even though they do not harm people. An example of this would be the bombing of an abortion clinic. When he limits the violence to nonstate actors, he doesn’t deny the existence of state sponsored terrorism. He states that this type of violence is a matter of domestic justice, and in cases outside its borders, just war theory can be applied. With this definition he attempts to avoid two difficulties. He does not prejudge the issue by characterizing terrorism as something intrinsically wrong, which is what Walzer seems to do. How can there be serious discussion about a normative issue if it is already defined as unjustifiable? He also attempts to avoid making his definition stipulative. I would argue that Valls’ definition is too broad with respect to his contention that it is nonessential to include fear or intimidation as a deliberate strategy of terrorism. Of course if this provision were added, it would weaken his argument by disqualifying many case...

Calorimeter Definition in Chemistry

Calorimeter Definition in Chemistry A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat flow of a chemical reaction or physical change. The process of measuring this heat is called calorimetry. A basic calorimeter consists of a metal container of water above a combustion chamber, in which a thermometer is used to measure the change in water temperature. However, there are many types of more complex calorimeters. The basic principle is that heat released by the combustion chamber increases the temperature of the water in a measurable way. The temperature change may then be used to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of substance A when substances A and B are reacted. The equation used is: q Cv(Tf - Ti ) where: q is the amount of heat in joulesCv  is the calorimeters heat capacity in joules per Kelvin (J/K)Tf and Ti are the final and initial temperatures Calorimeter History The first ice calorimeters were built based on Joseph Blacks concept of latent heat, introduced in 1761. Antoine Lavoisier coined the term calorimeter in 1780 to describe the apparatus he used to measure heat from guinea pig respiration used to melt snow. In 1782, Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace experimented with ice calorimeters, in which heat needed to melt ice could be used to measure heat from chemical reactions. Types of Calorimeters Calorimeters have expanded beyond the original ice calorimeters. Adiabatic calorimeter: Some heat is always lost to the container in an adiabatic calorimeter, but a correction factor is applied to the calculation to compensate for heat loss. This type of calorimeter is used to study runaway reactions.Reaction calorimeter: In this type of calorimeter, the chemical reaction occurs within an insulated closed container. Heatflow versus time is measured to arrive at the reaction heat. This is used for reactions intended to run at a constant temperature or to find the maximum heat released by a reaction.Bomb calorimeter: A bomb calorimeter is a constant-volume calorimeter, constructed to withstand the pressure produced by the reaction as it heats the air within the container. The temperature change of water is used to calculate the heat of combustion.Calvet-type calorimeter: This type of calorimeter relies on a three-dimensional fluxmeter sensor made of rings of thermocouples in series. This type of calorimeter allows for a larger sample size and reacti on vessel size, without sacrificing the accuracy of the measurement. An example of a Calvet-type calorimeter is the C80 calorimeter. Constant-pressure calorimeter: This instrument measure the enthalpy change of a reaction in solution under conditions of constant atmospheric pressure. A common example of this type of device is the coffee-cup calorimeter.

Factors Affecting the Rise of Military Rules in South-American Essay

Factors Affecting the Rise of Military Rules in South-American Countries in 20th Century - Essay Example This essay presents a thorough analysis of various preconditions for the rise of military rule in most of South-American countries in the 20th century. The rise of military governments of Chile, Brazil and Argentina can be attributed to a series of events in the local and international politics, starting from the times when Europeans left these states which ended on the emergence of Cold War and the Cuban missile crisis. During the 19th century, South America remained isolated from the rest of the world because of many reasons; however the 20th century observed a reversal of this trend and the governments and people of South America wanted to end this isolation and started looking out for means through which they could interact with the world for the collective benefit of all. The economic growth triggered in the northern part of the land mass encouraged the states in the south to follow the footsteps but their pursuit of economic stability was always hindered by political instability and social immobility . As a result civil wars, political assassinations, coups and military rules became the hallmark of the politics of this region during the middle of the 20th century. The power struggle in world politics after the Second World War also contributed to the instability of the region. The possession of lands in the hands of a very small minority of people was the reason behind the slow economic growth because the cheap labor never forced the landowners to look for modern methods of agriculture and increasing production.

Dr Zhivago And Political Ideologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dr Zhivago And Political Ideologies - Essay Example The movie encompasses the entire situation by concentrating upon the activities and condition of general public, which had witnessed tremendous changes in social, financial and cultural scenario of their country. The revolution had actually been organized against the prevailing social discrimination, injustices and inequalities in the Tsarist imperialist Russian political structure, which had given birth to the exploitation of haves-not or suppressed classes at the hands of haves or elite stratum. â€Å"For centuries, autocratic and repressive czarist regimes ruled the country and most of the population lived under severe economic and social conditions. Consequently, movements for overthrowing the oppressive government were staged at different times by students, workers, peasants, and members of the nobility.† (emayzine.com) Somehow, failure of these efforts added to popular discontent with the government’s corruption and inefficiency. In 1917 these events resulted in t he fall of the czarist government and the establishment of the Bolshevik Party, which would bestow respectable place upon workers and peasants, according to the expectations of the people. Anarchy, Chaos and Revolution: Though the revolution had brought the glad tidings regarding the implementation of the noble principles of social justice and equality, in the aftermath of the fall of age-old Tsarist imperialism, yet it failed to exhibit freedom and justice according to the high hopes established by the Russian subjects. Consequently, civil war broke out in the country, between the pro-Tsar White Army, liberals, reactionaries and land owners on the one hand, and the farmers, peasants, students, revolutionists and Bolshevik Red Army led by the Leninist-socialists on the other, turning the country into a sorry state of affairs. The movie successfully draws out the turmoil, anarchy and disturbance the people underwent at the outbreak of civil war, which laid indelible impact on the pol itical and social scenario of the country. Additionally, the civil war created unrest and chaos by destabilizing the economic activities of the masses. Thus, the movie under-analysis accurately reflects the entire socio-cultural scenario of the Soviet Russia during and after the war, which ended in the success of the Red Army and imposition of Socialist doctrine in its true spirit subsequently. The movie also throws light on the negative aspects of socialism, which had not been taken into consideration before the establishment of very first socialist governmental system in any part of the globe. The movie reveals the affects of revolution and civil war on the socioeconomic condition of the general public, the position of whom appears to become more and more miserable and pathetic because of the social evils and curses including corruption, nepotism, favoritism, embezzlement of public treasure and misuse of power, adopted by the socialists in the prestigious name of revolution. The e ntire social establishment brought uncertainty and insecurity, and thus paved the way towards the restlessness and disorder in the everyday life of the Russian people at large. The writer looks ridiculing over the u-turn taken by the Bolsheviks as soon as they are at the helm of the government. The film shows how the Bolshevik leaders and workers used to support individual freedom

Eating Disorders and the Media

Eating Disorders and the Media The purpose of doing this research project is to provide a different perspective on the role of the media in this modern era. This research project examines the impacts of media influence on eating attitudes and it contains relevant studies and statistics regarding this particular topic. The findings of this research are confined to the United States of America and United Kingdom due to the high prevalence of eating disorders as compared to other countries. In essence, the report covers the effects of media portraying unhealthy body images, weight loss advertisements and reality shows as well as the power of Internet in promoting eating disorders. Based on the evidence, it is clear that the media is responsible for the development of eating disorders in the society. Hence, it is important to take corrective measures and look into this matter seriously before further damage is done. 1.0 Introduction Eating disorders are serious psychological illnesses that result in people having dangerous eating habits. People with eating disorders usually have a negative perception of their body image and will attempt to control their weight through excessive dieting, exercising or purging. In fact, eating disorders cannot be separated from the culture in which they arise. In western countries where thinness is emphasized as an important social value, millions of women are suffering from eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia and binge eating. According to National Eating Disorders Association (2005), approximately 10 million females and 1 million males in the United States are suffering from anorexia and bulimia while 25 million more are struggling with binge eating disorder. Other than psychological and genetic factors, research shows that the media also has a profound impact on eating disorders. The media has grown rapidly over the years with the advancement in technology and now it has the persuasive power that can manipulate the whole society by shaping peoples attitudes and beliefs. This mind-bending power of the media has brought about many debates from different institutions especially on the issue concerning the harmful effects of media exposure on eating disorders. Therefore, immediate actions need to be taken before this issue becomes more and more controversial. Even though the media has the power to shape peoples behaviors and attitudes, do you agree that the media encourages people to develop eating disorders? Looking further into the issue, we will see that the media is indeed guilty of encouraging eating disorders in the society. It portrays an unattainable standard of body image, gives leeway for pro-anorexia groups to spread on Internet and promotes dieting and weight loss. This report will show compelling evidence on how media encourages people to develop eating disorders. They are many negative effects than positive one. The research findings are confined to the United States of America and United Kingdom due to their high prevalence of eating disorders in comparison to other countries. 2.0 Media Promotes Ideal Body Image Body image refers to peoples perception and imagination of their physical appearance. It is not inborn, but learned (Ojeda, 2003, p. 8). A study conducted by Anne Becker in Fiji, where television was introduced as late as the mid-1990s, found that 83% of the people felt television had influenced their perceptions and thoughts about body image and size (Friedman, 2007, p. 31). Therefore, the role of the media in promoting an ideal body image should not be taken lightly as it can cause harmful effects on ones self-image and self-esteem. 2.1 Portrayal of Ultra-Thinness Twenty years ago, the average model weighed 8 per cent less than the average woman, but todays models weigh 23 per cent less (Media Awareness Network, 2010). As time goes by, models and celebrities are becoming thinner and thinner to match the unrealistic cultural standard of beauty. Research shows that unrealistic portrayal of women stereotype in the media can have detrimental effect on ones health. According to Healthy Within (n.d.), an average American woman is 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs 140 pounds while an average American model is 5 feet 11 inches tall and weighs 117 pounds. These super-thin models portrayed by television and magazines make women feel unhappy and dissatisfied with their physical appearance. As a result, millions of women who fail to reach this standard of beauty feel embarrassed and guilty and the desire to be thin drives them to develop eating disorders. 2.2 Wrong message is conveyed to the Society Television has always been viewed as a source for entertainment and information, but nowadays it begins to influence peoples thinking and attitudes by emphasizing thinness as a way to measure womens worth. For example, heavier actresses often receive negative comments about their bodies and 80% of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter (Media Awareness Network, 2010). Besides that, fashion magazines, television and movies are constantly delivering the wrong message that women must be thin in order to be loved, accepted and successful (Schlundt Johnson, 1990, p. 59). The portrayal of happy and successful women being extremely thin has a huge impact on womens perception of beauty. It has forced women to adopt the mindset that thin is beautiful and beauty is success. When women begin to equate thinness with beauty, they will strive hard to become thin so that they are attractive enough to be accepted in the society. Therefore, in order to achieve the ideal body image standard, women violently manipulate their weight and appearance by dieting, purging and even self-starvation. Family Influence Studies show that family influence is also one of the factors that trigger eating disorders. Parents especially mothers have significant influence over teenagers body image problems. In this society where thin is still in, most mothers would want their children to look beautiful and slim. Therefore, parents sometimes inadvertently encourage their children to lose weight even though most of them are not overweight. Parents usually encourage their children to diet with good intentions but teenagers may misunderstood their meaning as being fat is not good and they should lose weight to become thinner and more beautiful. Besides that, parents with weight problems tend to be over-concerned about their childrens weight and body images. This may cause teenagers to feel the pressure to be thin and start developing unhealthy eating habits to control their weight. Since teenagers take their parents words seriously, negative comments on their weight and eating habits may diminish their self-est eem (Ojeda, 2003, pp. 21-25). In conclusion, media promotes ideal body image that can cause women to feel dissatisfied with their body size and shape. The portrayal of ultra-thinness through television commercials, fashion magazines and movies will deliver the wrong message to the society. As a result, women develop dangerous eating patterns to stay thin so that they can reach the standard of beauty portrayed by the media. 3.0 Power of Internet Internet is a powerful agent of socialization and it allows easy access to different kinds of information. The online world of pro-ED (pro-eating disorders) consists of hundreds of websites and discussion groups created by people who claimed that they have the disorders (Healthy Place, 2010). Every time we come across a pro-anorexia site, a warning sign will appear on the opening page clearly specifying that the contents of the site is pro-anorexic and should not be viewed by those who are in recovery or those who do not suffer from an eating disorder. However, many people ignore the warning and enter these sites due to curiosity. 3.1 Impact of Pro-Anorexia Websites Pro-ana websites are online communities for people with anorexia nervosa (Suite101, n.d.). These websites have proliferated rapidly due to the rise of Internet usage in the last decade. They promote anorexia as a lifestyle choice rather than a life-threatening disease (Friedman, 2007, p. 60). Most of the contents in these sites glorify eating disorders and provide tips on how to lose weight more effectively. Therefore, those people without eating disorders but actively seeking for ways to lose weight and those with eating disorders seeking for advice to conceal their disorders become the victims of pro-ana websites. Besides that, these sites also contain inspiring quotations and poetry that encourage eating disorders. The impact of pro-ana websites is so immense that there is no way back after their first visit on these sites. Most of the pro-ana websites display thinspiration pictures of waif-thin models and famous celebrities with eating disorders like Mary-Kate Olsen and Karen Carpenter to get the attention of impressionable young women (Healthy Place, 2010). After viewing these pro-ana websites, teenagers are more likely to be unhappy with their physical appearance and have a negative body image. Study shows that individuals subjected to a single viewing of a pro-ana site are more likely to have low self-esteem and become preoccupied with exercise and weight loss, as compared to the control group (Wikipedia, 2010). 3.2 Online Social Networks Nowadays, there are many social network groups available online such as MySpace, Xanga and Facebook. These online social networks have gained popularity among young people in the recent years and eventually become a tool to promote eating disorders among the members. After connecting with each other for years on unknown and secret websites, pro-anorexia groups are now moving to more public forums like Facebook to attract more people to join their groups (Newsweek, 2008). Many socially isolated anorexics join and become members of these sites because that is the only means of support available to them. Some said that the sites can help them to combat the feelings of loneliness and isolation as well as to get attention from others (Healthy Place, 2010). Moreover, they can find a circle of friends with the similar disease who understand and accept them as who they are. This makes them feel that they are not alone and thus motivated to carry on with their disorders. In short, pro-ana online networking website is a place for anorexics to establish friendship, gain support and seek solace by sharing their sorrows, joys and accomplishments with each other. Social Pressure People in professions where there is a particular social pressure to be thin such as athletes, models, dancers and actors are more likely to develop eating disorders during the course of their career. Studies found that around 15% to 25% of athletes have eating disorders, especially those involved in sports that emphasize on appearance such as figure skating, cheer leading and gymnastics (Schulherr, 2008, p. 244). Besides that, celebrities and models also suffer from eating disorders because they are placed under social pressure to look perfect in front of the camera. In order to look super skinny and sexy, they adopt excessive dieting and self-starvation which can lead to fatal health consequences in the future. For example, Ana Caroline Reston, a rising star in the modeling industry died of anorexia in 2006. Due to social pressure, she starved herself by just surviving on fruit juices, apples and tomatoes for many years. Finally, when she achieved the desired image of a supermodel, the fatal eating disorders took her life at the age of 21. In conclusion, the power of Internet in developing eating disorders among teenagers should not be underestimated. The slippery nature of the web makes the pro-ED world almost impossible to control (Healthy Place, 2010). Therefore, pro-ana websites and social networks should be monitored so that less people would be misled by the harmful information inside these sites. 4.0 Media Promotes Dieting Dieting can be defined as the attempt to lose weight by restricting food intake. Excessive dieting behavior may eventually lead to the development of eating disorders because severe weight loss is the primary symptom of anorexia nervosa. When the power of the media is misused by the advertisers to promote dieting and their diet products, the media can become a formidable force that leads millions of people worldwide to the possibility of eating disorders. 4.1 Exposure to Magazines and Advertisements Advertisements in magazines and television are featuring extremely thin models and celebrities to make women think that they are fat. When women start to fear of gaining weight, they will pursuit dieting as a way to lose weight. As a result, Americans spend over $50 billion on dieting and diet-related products each year (Healthy Within, n.d.). Since the standard of beauty portrayed by the media is unattainable to most people, consumers will never feel satisfied, and therefore creating an endless demand for beauty and weight loss products. Hence, it is certain that these industries are actually earning profit from encouraging a life-threatening disease in millions of women (Friedman, 2007, pp. 27-31). Furthermore, studies also show that adolescent girls who are frequent readers of fashion magazines record higher prevalence of dieting and exercising behaviors to lose weight as compared to those infrequent readers. Many people start to take up dieting because they are motivated by the pictures in the magazines. Dieting books are usually the best-seller because most people are attracted by the diet tips provided inside these books (Schlundt Johnson, 1990, p. 59). Thus, it is evident that the fear of being fat has dominated many young women and adolescent girls and this eventually leads them to engage in excessive dieting and unhealthy eating habits. 4.2 Weight Loss Reality Shows An increasing number of weight loss reality shows are appearing on television screens and all of them demonstrate major results that can be achieved through dieting and exercising (DietWords, 2010). For example, The Biggest Loser is one of NBCs most-watched prime-time programs and it has attracted approximately 10 million viewers each week (The New York Times, 2009). The programs target is to obtain a weight loss of more than 15 pounds per week through severe caloric restriction and many hours of strenuous exercise. However, health care professionals disagree with such extreme routine as it is not advisable to lose more than two pounds a week. These weight loss reality shows can have detrimental effects on the health of the contestants as well as the viewers. In order to win the money reward, some contestants may develop harmful practices to lose more weight within a shorter time. On the other hand, viewers are made to believe that rapid weight loss can be obtained from dieting. Consequently, they may try to emulate the contestants by developing unhealthy eating behaviors to lose weight, which eventually leads to long term fatal effects on their health. Peer Pressure Peer pressure refers to the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values, or behavior in order to conform to group norms (Wikipedia, 2010). This is common among teenagers because most of them spend more time with their groups of friends rather than staying at home. However, when teenagers encounter with negative peer pressure relating to their eating habits, it is very dangerous because they may lack the maturity to handle this kind of pressure. When teenagers are teased by their friends about their body size and shape, they will feel the urge to control their weight by dieting, which may lead to the development of eating disorders. Therefore, peer pressure is a factor that triggers dieting and eating disorders among young people. In conclusion, the media has brought about a dieting obsession in the society. Hence, it is clear that frequent exposure to weight loss reality shows, magazines and advertisements can contribute to the development of eating disorders. 5.0 Conclusion In summary, the media is the driving force behind the development of life-threatening eating disorders in millions of people worldwide. It reinforces the intense fear of weight gain among women by portraying pictures of super-thin models, encourages the development of eating disorders through the expanding online world of pro-ED and promotes dieting through weight loss reality shows and advertisements. All three arguments mentioned are clear cut showing that the media is guilty of promoting eating disorders in the society. In time to come, more people will be suffering from eating disorders because of the influence of the media. As the impacts of media influence cannot be seen in the short run, many people do not realize that it can actually lead to serious health consequences in the future. By the time they suffer from an eating disorder, nothing much can be done except to seek treatment and counseling for recovery. Prevention is better than cure. Thus, before it is too late, we should find ways to harness media power for good instead of evil. When there is no enemy within, the enemies outside cannot hurt you (Quotes Daddy, 2010). Therefore, love yourself more and enjoy life to achieve happiness within yourself, only then you will not be conquered by the fear of weight. Stay away from eating disorders and you will never regret. 6.0 Recommendation The following recommendations have been made to rectify the role of media in promoting eating disorders. Avoid using underweight models in the fashion industry as they portray thinness as the standard of beauty. In addition, this report recommends further work to: Set a minimum entry for modeling industry where all models should have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of between 18.5 to 25 Ban models who have a BMI of less than 18 Organize fashion shows that promote healthy body image Ban pro-ana websites that promote eating disorders as a lifestyle. In addition, this report recommends further work to: Introduce laws to impose punishments or fine on any means of mass communication that promotes eating disorders Establish pro-recovery websites and support groups to encourage those people who wish to seek recovery from an eating disorder Research the claim that government control over the media (e.g. censorship) can help to reduce the harmful contents in advertisements and reality TV shows. In addition, this report recommends further work to: Monitor and filter the harmful contents available on any means of mass media including movies, television and Internet Organize Eating Disorders Awareness Week and video competition to raise awareness on eating disorders

Maturational, Environmental and the Constructivist theories Essay

Theories of development are much more specific than paradigms or worldviews (Miller, 1993). A theory of development deals with change over time and is usually concerned with three things. First, it should describe changes over time within an area or several areas of development. Second, it should describe changes among areas of development. Third, it should explain these changes. No one theory has proved adequate to describe and explain learning or development. Numerous theories of development have influenced educational practices during the 20th century (Aldridge, Kuby, & Strevy, 1992), and currently a shift is affecting theories of child development and education. Some of the historical and current theories that have influenced education include Gesell’s (1925) maturational theory, Skinner’s (1974) behaviorist approach, Freud’s (1935) psychoanalytic theory, Piaget’s (1952) constructivist theory, Vygotsky’s (1978) socio-historical approach, Bronfen brenner’s (1989) ecological systems theory, and Gardner’s (1983) multiple intelligences theory. More recently, critical theory (see Kessler & Swadener, 1992) has influenced education and child development practices, even though critical theory is not a theory of development. Finally, postmodern conceptions have changed the way we think of children and how to educate them (Elkind, 1995, 2000/2001). There are several theories of a child development but three of them have a profound impact on kindergarten readiness practices. These three theories include maturational, environmental and constructivist perceptions of development. We will take a look to each one individually, and then we will compare them against each other. The maturational theory was highly developed by Arnold Gesell and continues to affect what goes on schools, mainly in early childhood classrooms. Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) followed the works of Darwin and other evolutionists, eventually developing the Gesell Maturational Theory. His theory contends that development in childhood and adolescence is primarily biological, or genetic, in origin. Biology and genetics inheritances determine predictable patterns of biological behavior that Gesell termed norms. He felt that children’s development patterns opened automatically by biology, as the unfolding of a flower does because it is genetically programmed to do so in the right environment. As the flower requires proper soil and rain, children require a nurturing, stable environment, and little else to mature both biologically and psychologically. In the company of renowned author and physician Benjamin Spock, who wrote Spock’s Baby and Child Care, Gesell was among the first professionals to compile developmental stage information with which parents could learn to understand their children. Because childhood and adolescent development is the product of millions of years of evolution, he mainly advocated sensitivity and understanding as parental approaches to development. Biology has already given children what they need to understand their own development. Gesell worked in a lab at Yale University, studying children and their developmental stages. He cataloged children’s behavior at various ages and described the norms in their collective development. As such, his theory is often grouped with normative-descriptive approaches, because it uses norms of development to describe the process of maturation. Gesell’s theory was groundbreaking because it implied that learning, illness; injury and life experiences were secondary, if at all influential, to biology and the evolution of the genetics that program a child’s development. Unless the child’s environment were so distorted as to be harmful, he felt that children were born with all the information their bodies needed for development and maturation. Genetics determine the developmental process and the timing of maturation, and parents could affect very little of this, except by being sensitive to cues learned from the descriptive norms. Maturational theory believers, think that development is a natural process that occurs automatically in conventional, chronological stages over time. This perspective leads many teachers and families to assume that young children will gain knowledge naturally and automatically as they mature. According to maturational theory, school readiness is a condition at which all healthy young children can perform tasks such as reciting the alphabet and counting. If a child is developmentally unready for school, maturationists might suggest referrals to transitional kindergartens, retention, or holding children out of school f or an additional year (DeCos, 1997). These practices are sometimes used by schools, educators, and parents when a young child developmentally lags behind his or her peers. The young child’s underperformance is interpreted as the child needing more time to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to perform at the level of his or her peer. Today, maturational theory is partially responsible for the existence of prekindergarten and pre first grades aimed at children who supposedly need the† gift of time,† because of immaturity or a late birthday. These classrooms tend to have a ratio of boys to girls of anywhere from 7:1 to 10:1 (Aldridge, Eddowes, & Kuby, 1998). These practitioners of maturational theory consider that any difficulty that a child is experience is found within the child. Another problem of the maturational theory is the late birthday. This means that children in the classrooms, who are the youngest, are being labeled as â€Å"late birthday† and are often branded by the teachers as being slower and less ready for instruction. Maturational theory strongly influenced the teaching of reading in the mid 1900s (Morphett & Washburne, 1931). Children were not thought to be ripe for reading until they had a mental age of six and a half years. Consequently, readiness activities were developed for children who were not yet ready to read. Some of this nonsense still occurs in preschool, kindergarten, and even primary-level classrooms. Today, maturational theory is partially responsible for the existence of prekindergarten and pre first grades aimed at children who supposedly need the† gift of time,† because of immaturity or a late birthday. These classrooms tend to have a ratio of boys to girls of anywhere from 7:1 to 10:1 (Aldridge, Eddowes, & Kuby, 1998). The environmental theory has at its development theorists such as J. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Albers Brandura, who contributed greatly to the theory perspective. Environmentalists believe the child’s environment shapes learning and behavior. The environmental theory emphasizes the role of the environment on an individual’s development. This environmental point of view leads many families to believe that young children develop and gain new information by reacting to their surroundings. Kindergarten readiness, according to the environmentalists, is the age or stage when young children can respond appropriately to the environment of the school and the classroom (e.g., rules and regulations, curriculum activities, positive behavior in group settings, and directions and instructions from teachers and other adults in the school). Teachers who are followers of this theory, believes that the ability to respond appropriately to this environment is necessary for young children to participate in teacher initiated learning activities, and that the child success depends on following the teacher instruction. Many environmentalist-influenced educators and parents believe that young children learn best by rote activities, such as reciting the alphabet over and over, copying letters, and tracing numbers. These viewpoints are evident in kindergarten classrooms where young children are expected to sit at desks arranged in rows and listen attentively to their teachers. While at home children are provided with workbooks containing activities such as coloring or tracing numbers and letters. Also this theory proposed that children are influenced by the multiple systems in which they reside, either directly or peripherally. These systems include the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. Applications of this contextual theory focus on the seemingly endless variables within the child, and between the child and the numerous contexts affecting her. Although few people would quarrel with the importance of these influences, trying to account for all the endless interactions and variables affecting a child is exhausting and impractical. How would we ever have enough information about children’s temperament, activity levels, attentional states, or learning capaciti es as they relate to the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem? The next theory is the constructivist. Its perspective was advanced by theorists such as Piaget, Montessori and Vygotsky. It can be described as a theory that deals with the way people create meaning of the world through a series of individual constructs. Constructs are the different types of filters we choose to place over our realities to change our reality from chaos to order. Von Glasersfeld describes constructivism as, â€Å"a theory of knowledge with roots in philosophy, psychology, and cybernetics†. Simply stated, it is a learning process which allows a student to experience an environment first-hand, thereby, giving the student reliable, trust-worthy knowledge. The student is required to act upon the environment to both acquire and test new knowledge. This theory relies heavily on logical-mathematical knowledge and universal invariant stages of development to the neglect of other forms of knowledge and the importance of context in a child’s development. Even though knowledge is constructed from the â€Å"inside out† through interaction with the environment, the focus is more on the individual’s coordination of relationships rather than on socially constructed knowledge. Constructivists view young children as dynamic members in learning process, and are consistent in their belief that learning and development take place when young children interact with the environment and people around them. Because active interaction with the environment and people are necessary for learning and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate many of the interactions they have with the environment and people around them. During kindergarten, classrooms are separated into different learning centers, and are prepared with developmentally materials for young children to play and manipulate. During home parents engage their young children in reading and storytelling activities and encourage children to participate in daily household activities, in a way that introduces concepts as counting and language use. In addition, parents may provide young children with picture books containing very large print, and toys that stimulate interaction (such as building blocks and large puzzles). When a young child encounters difficulties in the learning process, the constructivist approach is neither to label the child nor to retain him or her; instead, constructivists give the child some individualized attention and customize the classroom curriculum to help the child address his or her difficulties. Autonomy is the aim of education in constructivism (Kamii, 2000). Constructivist theory, however, has not adequately addressed either individual differences or cultural and contextual contributions to development and education (Delpit, 1988; Kessler & Swadener, 1992; Mallory & New, 1994). Thus, the needs of children who are different often are not met in constructivist classrooms. Today, most researchers have come to understand child development and learning process as expressed by the constructivist. However many parents and teachers still believes that children who cannot recite the alphabet or count are not ready for school. References Buchwald J (1987), â€Å"A comparison of plasticity in sensory and cognitive processing systems†, in Gunzenhauser N, Infant Stimulation, Skillman NJ: Johnson & Johnson Mind in Society: The development of higher psychological processes (Translation by Michael Cole), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978 (Published originally in Russian in 1930) Mossler, R.A. (2011). Child and adolescent development. Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Powell, D.R. (1991, July). Strengthening parental contributions to school readiness and early school learning (Paper commissioned by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. Vygotsky, L.S. (1998). Child psychology. The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky: Vol. 5. Problems of the theory and history of psychology. New York: Plenum. White, S.H.(1968). The learning maturation controversy: Hall to Hull. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly

The Ultimate Health Administration and Integrity Essay Topics Trick

The Ultimate Health Administration and Integrity Essay Topics Trick What to Expect From Health Administration and Integrity Essay Topics? It's a leadership quality that is quite prized on earth. A leader doesn't find a person's failure, but he sees that it's the failure of the group. You aren't going to find many citizens who possess the exact degree of loyalty as the ones in the Army. Integrity is the quality that's highly prized, and numerous leaders on the planet posse it. Soldiers who have integrity do not require a lot of supervision to do a task at the most suitable moment. Doing what's correct, even when no one is keeping watch is called Integrity. It isn't difficult to abuse the power that accompanies public office. I'll be honest when I say I am not a really huge fan of my neighborhood police station, Kennett Square Police Station. A career In medical care administration provides me the base to do that objective. Women's health issues topics provide a wide selection of research subjects. It is such a gigantic topic, it can be hard to decide what you want to write about. Public Administration is an important contributor to democratic life. If you're feeling that will certainly cope with it, you're welcome to view some essay samples before you begin. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Even then you're not able to discover the informative and accurate details. The 5-Minute Rule for Health Administration and Integrity Essay Topics IVe done some research on the subject of integrity to receive a type of fly on the wall perspective of how other men and women view integrity. As you may be aware, there are distinct varieties of works similar to this, as an example, military accountability, argumentative, or appearance essays, and every one of these types defines the content of the job. You should make the most suitable selection, or the entire essay will collapse before you finish writing. When there are a number of great military essay topics on the internet, consider coming up with one yourself first. One needs to possess rich life experience so as to have the ability to analyze the topic soberly and professionally. You are able to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the assistance of our professional experts. When choosing among the mental wellness essay topics, consider various faces of the situation. Want to have more creative ideas about how to prepare a winning essay on health. Integrity looks like an unattainable trait by many and that's due to how it's so much simpler to get through life taking short cuts and lying. Being integrity goes beyond doing the perfect thing when no person is watching. The Principles of Health Administration and Integrity Essay Topics That You Can Learn From Starting Immediately Numerous aspects of somebody's life are able to at precisely the same time, be credited to integrity. Last, strategic thinking is a significant skill to get because being in a position to fulfill the r equirements of patient healthcare is vital. Inside my opinion somebody might act at a particular situation with a great deal of integrity and could be considered a manifestation of his general integrity. A person who'd love to join the military should comprehend these core values. In certain situation, conflicts may come up between our very own personal price and organization's value. It's extremely important to understand what's right and wrong and to be honest regardless of what the consequences if you're planning on going into the justice field, especially a police officer. It's your duty to answer a circumstance and to correct that very situation. It is likewise very disappointing it isn't easy to seek out those who have high integrity and are always honest, regardless of what the consequence. Not all decent leaders have backgrounds that would indicate their degree of integrity either. Personal courage is made from confidence. The authentic meaning of integrity can be exceedingly puzzling. If you need to take a polygraph test then they will probably ask you questions about how you are feeling about the value of integrity and honesty and if you're a person of high integrity and honesty. Integrity is a virtue to reside by. In ethics, integrity is thought of as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of a person's actions. In military, integrity is just one of the army values. Besides the simple fact that integrity is a crucial characteristic of a military soldier, it's also an important lifetime virtue to get.

The Juxtaposition Between Nature and Man in Wuthering Heights

Set at the end of the eighteenth century, Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « is a mysterious book that maintains the reader on the edge of their seat as Brontà « explores the dark side of love, revenge, and the juxtaposition between nature and man. But had Wuthering Heights been set in another time period, many situations-from Heathcliff’s arrival to the Earnshaw family to the union of Hareton and Cathy-may not have occurred. It should also be noted that many events consisted of an eerie, strange feel to them-a similar style seen in many Gothic novels, a popular genre in the eighteen and nineteen hundreds. One of the most important occasions in Wuthering Heights was the fateful day when Mr. Earnshaw came back from Liverpool with a homeless†¦show more content†¦At the top of the hierarchy there was royalty. Next up were the aristocrats, which consisted of those who owned of a large amount of land and people such as baronets and knights. Below them were the gentry, who had enough assets to live on and many came from families of ancient lineage. The bottom consisted of the working class, which was where most of the people belonged in. In Wuthering Heights, we can assume that the Earnshaws and Lintons were seen as gentry. Both families inherited their estates from their antecedents (noticeably, both â€Å"Hareton Earnshaw† and â€Å"1500† are engraved at the entrance of Wuthering Heights). But even though both families would be gentries, there is a striking difference between them. Thrushcross Grange and the Lintons would appear to be more elegant and sophisticated a s opposed to the wild nature of the Wuthering Heights and the Earnshaws, and when describing Wuthering Heights, Lockwood mentioned that it would appear to belong to a â€Å"homely, northern farmer.† The differences between the two families are also made evident by Catherine’s selfish thoughts when she spoke with Nelly Dean. 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